Convergence in neurotechnology: High-throughput wireless brain-computer interfaces enabled by fat-intrabody communication

Abstract

Realizing the full potential of intracortical brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to restore motor and sensory function in individuals with spinal cord injuries requires high-dimensional, full bandwidth neural data transmission. However, conventional communication methods present a fundamental bottleneck: wired connections impose severe infection risks and physical constraints, whereas standard wireless over-the-air systems suffer from external interference, poor security, and substantial signal loss in human tissue.

In this plenary talk, we present a paradigm-shifting solution that sits at the convergence of electromagnetic physics, biomedical engineering, and neuroscience. We introduce a novel high-throughput wireless communication approach that utilizes the superficial layers of the body, specifically the hypodermis, as a natural dielectric waveguide. Because subcutaneous fat exhibits significantly lower relative permittivity and lower dielectric loss than the surrounding skin and muscle, electromagnetic waves in the 2.45 GHz ISM band can be guided and confined within this fat layer (Fat-Intrabody Communication, or Fat-IBC).

We present rigorous in-vivo validation of this technology. First, using a brain implant in the primary motor cortex of a macaque monkey, we demonstrate the wireless transmission of full bandwidth neural data for real-time, closed-loop control of a prosthetic robot hand. Second, we validate the approach across twelve human participants, demonstrating a robust data throughput of 120 Mb/s over distances up to 250 mm using biocompatible, electromagnetically shielded on-body antenna patches. Finally, we discuss how this physics-driven approach paves the way for secure, low-power, and wire-free brain-regulated implant networks, eliminating the need for bulky out-of-body relays and dramatically increasing the autonomy of paralyzed individuals.